Je ne peux pas vous assurer si un jour j'arrive être dans la situation comme celle de présidant Ahmadinejad je ne utiliserai pas tout mon pouvoir pour rester à la TOP ;)
In media, social rumors and even some scientific works inequality in economic levels of a society is known as an unwanted phenomenon and something that should be treated and finally eliminated. But is inequality really a threat to the welfare of a society?
The experience that world have had with Communism has very well revealed that eliminating property rights and sharing the benefits of the production is not the best way toward
equality. The principal reason of Soviet Union’s
demolishment was probably the lack of any incentive for the citizens for entrepreneurship. Contrary to what the
communism school of thought had, the amount which a manager and a factory worker contribute to a certain production is not known equal anymore. Since the 90s, management was added to the three
other production factors which were known till that time, Capital, Labour and Land. So, a manager is not anymore known as a labour, and the amount that he/she contributes in the production
procedure can’t be considered as much as a labour who contributes with his physical power.
Regarding Rostow’s stages of economic growth, nations may experience an era of economic inequality among its citizens to pass to the economic maturity level. In the take off
stage of Rostow's theory, we need to progress in certain economical sector by large investments. Since the private sector always searches the best place for investment, we can expect the best
efficiencies in this sector. In the cases where a private enterprise(it may also be a few) is the only provider or buyer of a certain good, monopoly and monopsony would occur
relatively, which would exploit the consumers or producers. Many countries’ governments have intervened regarding the Keynesians ideology with their financial and monitory instruments (Taxes and
Tariffs). But should the states intervene or that is a normal phenomenon in the road toward the maturity level of development mentioned by Rostow?
What had always been a challenge for me to explain to others why I prefer doing my shopping in a hypermarket rather than going one by one to each bakery, butchery, and all other stores was the term I discovered recreantly by the name of “Transaction costs”. The time spent for searching, the energy consumed (either fossil or mechanical) to do the exchange, and finally in the case that the exchange didn’t take place well, the effort that should be taken to gain your rights back are all considered as transaction costs. In reality, not only we take into account the economic theoretical points, but also there are these costs that should be considered and naturally are considered by each individual in the economic activities. From a nation to another, these costs vary according to their institutions, those which are determined by a nation’s legal system, its political system, its social system, its educational system, its culture and so on (R.Coase, 1998).
Now I can explain why buying a package of Sangak bread from a supermarket near my house was a wiser and more economic attitude rather than buying them from the bakery which had a long queue.
Knowledge is a language
Language is knowledge
Often happens that you are aware of a fact but you can’t describe it in words, even in your mother language. That may happen either because it’s not yet clear for yourself how the problem functions or you don’t know the terms to that topic. In both cases you aren’t able to transfer you feelings and ideas in words to others.
Learning and specializing in a scientific field allows you to communicate and share the ideas with others who know the specific terms of that field. It is not far from expectation for a medical scholar not to understand a sociologist’s words and vice versa.
Till recently, I didn’t believe language as an academic field. And that was not a weird view since I did not find what was expected from a scholar, in any language graduates (now I can find this fact true even in other field of sciences’ scholars). What is expected from a graduate of a scientific field? In my point of view, he/she has to be able to analyze and express the facts of the relative field using the terms of that science.
راستش قبل از اومدن به فرانسه فکر می کردم اینجا ،توی کشورهای اروپایی و حتی آمریکا، کشاورزی به صورت بازار رقابتی انجام می شه و یارانه ای داده نمی شه و بلعکس مالیات های سنگینی از کشاورزا گرفته می شه. اون کشاورزای ایرانی پس حق داشتن می گفتن دولت باید از ما حمایت کنه، اونا یک جاهایی شنیده بودن که اینورا چه خبره. ولی من از دنیا بی خبر، یک دفعه سرچ نکردم ببینم دنیا چه خبره. اینجا سر کلاس، توی روزنامه ها و اخبار هر وقت صحبت از کشاورزی باشه، نمی شه که عنوان "PAC" رو نشنوی. واژه انگلیسیش می شه Common Agricultural Policy. بی دلیل هم نیست که زیاد ازش صحبت بشه چون نزدیک به نیمی از بودجه اتحادیه اروپا اختصاص به یارانه ی کشاورزی می شه (46.7 درصد از کل بودجه در سال 2006 که بالغ بر 49.8 میلیارد یورو). یکی از اهداف این یارانه ها، تضمین سطح متوسطی از زندگی برای قشر کشاورز است. ولی به نظر اساتید فرانسوی ما، که معمولاً- مثل ما بقی فرانسوی ها- معترض به عملکرد این سیاست هان و می گن که این سیاست ها بیشتر از اینکه حامی تولید کنندها باشند به دیگر اهدافشون رسیده اند. اون اهداف، فراهم آوردن مواد غذایی برای جامعه با قیمتی عادلانه، ایجاد بازارهای اروپایی و مدرنیزه کردنه کشاورزیه. از اونجایی که این فرانسوی ها آنچنان از سیستم کشاورزی آمریکایی خوششون نمی آید، مخالف مدرنیزه کردن کشاورزی اند (این طوری که به نظر من اومده) وعاشقه کشاورزی ارگانیک (بدون استفاده از سم و کود) و مصرف تولیدات کشاورزی محلی اند تا این طوری کمکی به طبیعت کرده باشند.
تا قبل ازسال 2003، یارانه ها بر اساس اولویت هر کشور برای تقویت و حمایت از محصول
کشاورزی خاصی تعیین می شد. ولی بعد از اعتراض به جای آمریکا مبنی بر اینکه این سیاست بر خلاف معاهده تجارت جهانیه، از سال 2003 تصمیم بر این شد که کمک ها بر پایه میزان زمینی که هر کشاورز دارا می باشد
داده شود. این کمک ها نقداً و مستقیماً به جیب کشاورزان وارد می شه اون هم قبل از شروع فصل کشت سال. من از حالا به کشاورزای ایرانی حق می دم که اعتراض کنند و برای کشاورز بودنشون از دولت یارانه
بخوان. البته این هم بگم که در این قوانین برای کشاورز تعریف وضع شده و این کمک ها به خرده مالکان (مالکان زمین کمتر از 0.3 هکتار) تعلق نمی گیره بعلاوه اینکه، آنهایی که یارانه دریافت می کنند موظف به
رعایت الگوهای مدیریت اراضی دوستدار طبیعت می شوند. برای مثال، ملزمند که 8 درصد از اراضیشان را هر ساله آیش (بدون کشت) بگزارند و ما بین مرزهای هر قطعه 2 متر را درختچه کشت کنند.
برای خوندن مطالب بیشتر می تونید از ویکیپدیا استفاده کنید؛ البته هنوز کسی این مطالب رو به فارسی اونجا ننوشته ولی برای انگلیسیش به آدرس زیر برید:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy
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